First, they seem not to have an A-not-A form, whereas auxiliaries such as
you 'have' and shi 'be' have.
*Ta gu-mei-guyi xiahu ni?
'Did he frighten you deliberately?'
这个理由不充分，“必须”是公认的助动词，但是也没有“X 不 X”格式。
Niina: First of all, bixu is a modal, not an auxiliary.
Second, not all modals and not all auxiliaries can have A-not-A form, but
adverbs do not have A-not-A form.
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Second, they cannot answer questions independently, whereas auxiliaries
can:
A: Ta guyi piping ni le ma?
'Did he criticize you deliberately?
B: *Guyi (le).
这个也不充分。如吕叔湘认为“懒得”是助动词，不仅不能有
“X 不 X”的格式，也不能回答问题。
Niina: For the time being, this is not an argument, unless you give some
evidence to show that it is an auxiliary.
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Third, they can either follow or precede a negation word (depending on the
scope reading), whereas auxiliaries cannot precede a negation word.
Guyi:
Ta meiyou guyi piping wo.
'He did not criticize me deliberately.
Ta guyi bu li wo.
'He ignored me deliberately.'
Aux:
Ta mei-you kanjian wo.
'He did not see me.'
*Ta you mei kanjian wo.
这个更也不充分，不知从何而来？许多助动词可以前置于否定词，
如“谁敢不表态”“应该不合作”。
Niina: your first example shows that modals (which is not an auxiliary) can be
followed by a negation word. The second example is not acceptable to me, and
yinggai, again, is a modal, rather than an auxiliary.
吕叔湘曾举过一个例子，说明助动词和形容词的界限难分。
“他们是愿意并且努力为社会主义服务的”，这里“愿意”和
“努力”并列。请教，不知形式语法如何分析
First of all, coordination is one of the worst tests for category.
Consider: John is boring and a fool. John read the book and quickly.
Second, Lv's example can be analyzed as the so-called RNR construction (Right-
Node-Raising).
Consider: I invited to my house and congratualated the boy who lives next door.
This is a possible solution in my approach. What is Lv Shuxiang's analysis?
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