语言田野调查迫切有一个各语言、各方言通用的义类、义项表，同时作好代码设计。下面先介绍江荻的汉藏语语义代码设计，希望大家讨论。
本系统根据世界知识的分类进行语义类别分类。共分两级。
第一级语义分类，例如“自然物及自然现象”中包含了“自然物”和“自然现象”两类二级分类，“自然物”一般都是名词，“自然现象”中一般都是动词。至于形容词，一般都包括在“性状”语义类别中，其下级分类中又包括外形、色味、性质和表象、品性、状态等概念。
语义类别分类的代码形式是一级类别用两个字符表示，二级分类用三个字符表示。这样的好处是具有直观性，代码的编码方式是采用汉语拼音的缩写形式，如TT表示“天体”，其二级分类是TTW“天体物”和DML“地貌类”。
全部语义分类为14大类（一级）和41小类（二级）。现将分类及其代码列表如下：
类序
| 代码
| 语义类别
| 举例
| 1
| TT
|
| 天体地貌
| 1-1
| TTW
| 天体物
| 日月星辰，等；
| 1-2
| DML
| 地貌
| 山丘、平原、沙漠、江海、岛屿、泉水、瀑布、泥坑、废墟等；
| 2
| ZR
|
| 自然物及自然现象
| 2-3
| ZRW
| 自然物
| 风雨、光电、声影、矿物等；
| 2-4
| ZRX
| 自然现象
| 天亮、刮风、燃烧、沸腾、腐烂、结冰，等；
| 3
| YS
|
| 衣食
| 3-5
| YWL
| 衣物
| 布、棉、领、袖、衣裤、鞋帽，等；
| 3-6
| SWL
| 食物
| 食品、药品、毒品，等；
| 4
| JX
| 居行工具用品
|
| 4-7
| JZW
| 建筑物
| 房屋、门、墙、廊、阶、梯、院、库、闸、园、塔、庙、墓等；
| 4-8
| GJL
| 工具和用品
| 刀斧、剑、秤、炉，针线、盆碗、柴凳、床、烛、饰物等；
| 4-9
| JTL
| 交通出行载体
| 车船、路桥、轮舵等；
| 5
| SK
| 时空方位
|
| 5-10
| SJL
| 时间
| 年、月、岁、龄，季节气候春夏秋冬、节气，等
| 5-11
| KJL
| 空间
| 东南西北、上下左右、前后内外，等；
| 5-12
| QHL
| 区划
| 城乡、郊、发源地、流域、国、州、镇、村，等；
| 6
| XZ
|
| 性状
| 6-13
| WXL
| 外形
| 长短、高矮、直曲、方圆、凸凹，等；
| 6-14
| SWL
| 色味
| 赤橙黄绿青蓝紫、香臭、甜苦酸腥辣、咸淡油腻，等；
| 6-15
| XZL
| 性质和表象
| 真假、难易、冷热、贵贱、多少、生熟，等；
| 6-16
| PXL
| 品性
| 善恶、乐悲、敏钝、贞淫，等；
| 6-17
| ZTL
| 状态
| 静闹、洁赃、富贫、整齐杂乱，等；
| 7
| SL
| 数量
|
| 7-18
| JSL
| 基数、序数、概数；
|
| 7-19
| DWL
| 数量单位
| 米
| 8
| SW
| 生物体
|
| 8-20
| QGL
| 器官
| 头、眼、手、心、胃、毛、甲、尾、鳍、翅、鳞，等；
| 8-21
| BTL
| 生物变体
| 男、女、老、少、雄、雌、公、母、牡；
| 8-22
| FBW
| 排泄分泌物
| 汗、痰、奶水、屎、尿、精液，等；
| 8-23
| JBL
| 疾病
| 疮、疤、癣、瘤、肿、痔、疔、痈、脓、疱，等；
| 8-24
| DWM
| 动物名称
| 虎豹狼熊、马驴牛羊、蛇蛙鱼龟、蚊蝇蚁蚤、鸡鸭鹰雀，等；
| 8-25
| ZWM
| 植物名称
| 花草竹木、稻麦黍稷、菜蔬瓜果、根叶茎蕊、苗芽种子，等；
| 9
| DZ
| 生物动作
|
| 9-26
| ZTL
| 肢体动作
| 看、听、走、坐、洗、躺、喊叫、呼吸、生、死；
| 9-27
| SLL
| 生理和表情现象
| 饿饱、睡醒、咳吐、发烧、眼花、出血、聋哑、吐穗；
| 9-28
| XLL
| 心理状态和活动
| 高兴、悲伤、镇静、慌张、害怕、喜欢、讨厌、同意；
| 9-30
| NYL
| 能愿
| 应该、敢，必须，能够、值得；
| 10
| CW
| 称谓
|
| 10-31
| QSL
| 亲属称谓
| 父母、兄妹、姑舅伯婿、儿女、侄、孙、嫁、娶、婚姻
| 10-32
| ZRL
| 指人名词
| 处长、编辑、军官、伯爵、敌、友；
| 10-33
| ZDL
| 指代称
| 你、我、他、自己、别人、谁、这、那；
| 11
| SH
| 社会行为和文化
|
| 11-34
| XWL
| 社会行为
| 买卖、借租、打仗、学习、唱歌、跳舞、打猎、畜牧、捕鱼
| 11-35
| WHL
| 社会文化
|
| 12
| ZJ
|
| 宗教信仰
| 12-36
| ZJL
| 宗教
| 佛、神、鬼、魂、妖、龙、凤、
| 12-37
| MXL
| 迷信
| 卜、卦、占、筮、醮、课、乩、鸾；
| 13
| XC
| 事物的语义关系（虚词）
|
| 14-38
| LCL
| 连词
|
| 14-39
| ZCL
| 助词
|
| 14-40
| YQC
| 语气词（否定语气词）
|
| 14-41
| NSC
| 拟声词。
|
|
唯一关联码设计
关联码设计不仅需要考虑语言／方言的选定区别，不同词条的确定，还需要考虑各种检索需求，如语义类别，语族语支类别（参见命名规则），因此我们把语义类别以及相关编码加入其中。
关联码设计采用等长编码，长度为14位，字符型，属于属显示字段。基本编码格式是：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´
ë＿＿＿＿û ë＿û ë＿＿û ë＿＿＿＿û
语义码 语族/支 语言 词语
编码中，“语义码包括了两级语义类别”，长度为5字符。其他编码设计还考虑了扩展的可能性，如在同一语族下超过99种语言的情况不太可能，但考虑到关于华澳语系观点，南岛语列为一个语族，则这种可能性就可能出现。另外现有的词条在同一语义类别之下一般不会超出三位数，但仍然需要考虑特殊的情况，事先作出预设。
关联码举例：
“天”，TTTTW010010001，天体天体物 藏缅语族／藏语支 藏语 “天”
“日”，TTTTW020110002，天体天体物 藏缅语族／羌语支 嘉戎语 “日”
“今天”，SKSJL400030013，时空时间类 苗瑶语族／苗语支 枫香苗语 “今天”
“街道”，SKKJL430070025，时空空间类 苗瑶语族／畲语支 陈湖畲语 “街道”
普林斯顿义类
I.
自然，自然現象
Nature, Natural phenomena........................................................................................... 203
I.i.
天文，天氣，光
Sky, weather, light................................................................................... 203
I.ii.
地理，火
Earth, fire............................................................................................................... 205
I.iii.
人與自然
Man and nature.................................................................................................... 208
II.
動物
Animals..................................................................................................................................................... 209
II.i.
走獸
Beasts............................................................................................................................. 209
II.ii.
飛禽
Fowls.............................................................................................................................. 210
II.iii.
家畜
Domestic animals.......................................................................................................... 211
II.iv.
爬蟲
Insects............................................................................................................................ 213
II.v.
魚
Fish..................................................................................................................................... 215
II.vi.
人與動物
Man and animals.................................................................................................. 217
III.
植物
Plants........................................................................................................................................................ 218
III.i.
樹木
Trees............................................................................................................................... 219
III.ii.
花草
Flowers and grasses.................................................................................................... 220
III.iii.
穀物
Grains............................................................................................................................. 222
III.iv.
蔬菜
Vegetables..................................................................................................................... 222
III.v.
水果
Fruits.............................................................................................................................. 225
III.vi.
人與植物
Man and plants.................................................................................................... 226
IV.
飲食
Food and Drink........................................................................................................................................ 228
IV.i.
主食
Staple food.................................................................................................................... 228
IV.ii.
菜餚
Dishes of food.............................................................................................................. 228
IV.iii.
點心
Pastry, snack................................................................................................................. 230
IV.iv.
作料，香料
Ingredients, condiments................................................................................. 232
IV.v.
飲料，煙
Drinks, cigarettes................................................................................................. 233
IV.vi.
炊事，炊具
Food preparation, cooking utensils.............................................................. 233
IV.vii.
藥材
Herbs.............................................................................................................................. 237
V.
服飾
Clothing.................................................................................................................................................... 238
V.i.
衣料，縫衣 Fabrics, clothes-making, cleaning, etc........................................................... 238
V.ii.
衣服
Garments........................................................................................................................ 240
V.iii.
首飾，飾物
Adornments, etc.............................................................................................. 243
VI.
房舍
Dwelling.................................................................................................................................................... 244
VI.i.
房子各部份
Parts of a house............................................................................................... 245
VI.ii.
建築
Building, construction................................................................................................. 247
VI.iii.
家務
Housework.................................................................................................................... 248
VII.
傢具，器具
Furniture, Tools........................................................................................................................ 249
VII.i.
傢具，設備
Furniture, furnishing....................................................................................... 249
VII.ii.
臥具
Bedding.......................................................................................................................... 250
VII.iii.
工具，材料
Tools, materials................................................................................................ 251
VIII.
社會
Community............................................................................................................................................... 254
VIII.i.
城鄉
Town and country........................................................................................................ 254
VIII.ii.
國家，政治
Nation and government.................................................................................. 255
VIII.iii.
地名
Local place names........................................................................................................ 255
IX.
商業，買賣
Commerce, Trade...................................................................................................................... 256
IX.i.
經營，交易
Business, transaction..................................................................................... 256
IX.ii.
市場，商店
Markets, shops................................................................................................ 257
IX.iii.
貨幣
Money............................................................................................................................ 259
IX.iv.
度量衡
Measure..................................................................................................................... 260
X.
通訊，交通
Communication, Transporation.............................................................................................. 261
X.i.
通訊
Communication............................................................................................................. 261
X.ii.
旅行
Travelling....................................................................................................................... 262
X.iii.
交通，運輸
Transportation................................................................................................. 263
XI.
文化，娛樂
Culture, Entertainment............................................................................................................ 264
XI.i.
教育
Education....................................................................................................................... 264
XI.ii.
文具
Stationery...................................................................................................................... 267
XI.iii.
遊戲，娛樂
Games, entertainment...................................................................................... 268
XII.
鬼神，習俗，交際
Cults, Customs, Socializing..................................................................................... 271
XII.i.
鬼神
Cults............................................................................................................................... 271
XII.ii.
節令
Festivals......................................................................................................................... 274
XII.iii.
習俗
Social customs.............................................................................................................. 275
XII.iv.
交際
Socializing...................................................................................................................... 277
XIII.
人體
Human Body............................................................................................................................................. 278
XIII.i.
身體，生理
Body parts and functions.............................................................................. 278
XIII.ii.
人體動作
Body movements................................................................................................. 285
XIII.iii.
梳洗
Grooming....................................................................................................................... 291
XIV.
生老病死
Life, Sickness, and Death............................................................................................................ 293
XIV.i.
生死
Life cycle........................................................................................................................ 293
XIV.ii.
疾病
Sickness......................................................................................................................... 294
XIV.iii.
醫藥
Medicine and cure........................................................................................................ 296
XIV.iv.
戰事，受傷
Battle, wounds................................................................................................. 297
XV.
與人關係
Human Relationships.................................................................................................................... 299
XV.i.
姓名，出身
Identity.............................................................................................................. 299
XV.ii.
親屬
Kinship........................................................................................................................... 299
XV.iii.
其他
Other human relations................................................................................................. 302
XV.iv.
本地姓氏
Local family names.............................................................................................. 303
XVI.
人品
Types of people......................................................................................................................................... 303
XVII.
職業
Occupation............................................................................................................................................... 305
XVIII.
活動
Activities................................................................................................................................................... 309
XVIII.i.
對人
Activities toward people............................................................................................. 309
XVIII.ii.
其他
Others............................................................................................................................. 313
XIX.
精神活動
Mental Activities............................................................................................................................ 314
XIX.i.
感情
Sentiments..................................................................................................................... 314
XIX.ii.
意志
Thoughts....................................................................................................................... 316
XIX.iii.
能願
Optatives....................................................................................................................... 317
XX.
生理感受
Sensations....................................................................................................................................... 318
XX.i.
感覺
Touch............................................................................................................................. 318
XX.ii.
味
Taste................................................................................................................................... 319
XX.iii.
嗅
Smell.................................................................................................................................... 319
XX.iv.
形，觀
Sight, shape.............................................................................................................. 319
XX.v.
音
Sound................................................................................................................................. 322
XXI.
性狀
State, Quality........................................................................................................................................... 322
XXII.
品性，行為 Character, Temperament, Manner, Behavior......................................................................... 326
XXIII.
時間
Time........................................................................................................................................................... 330
XXIV.
方位， 移動
Location, Movement................................................................................................................ 333
XXIV.i.
方位，距離
Place, direction, distance................................................................................ 333
XXIV.ii.
移動
Motion........................................................................................................................... 335
XXV.
存現
Coupla, Existential.................................................................................................................................. 335
XXVI.
數量，數目
Quantity, Numbers.................................................................................................................... 336
XXVII.
代詞，不定詞
Pro-words, Indefinite Words.............................................................................................. 337
XXVIII.
副詞
Adverbs..................................................................................................................................................... 339
XXXII.
連詞
Connectives.............................................................................................................................................. 345
|
介绍几种义类设计
(潘悟云
发表于 2007-10-30 21:45:00)
潘悟云 最后编辑于 2007-10-30 22:20:48